心肌梗塞 Myocardial infarction, MI

心肌梗塞 Myocardial infarction, MI 心肌梗塞的定義是任何一條冠狀動脈(Coronary artery)產生阻塞的現象。因為心臟血液供應受阻,心肌細胞沒有養分與氧氣,會逐步邁向壞死之路。造成的原因包括動脈粥狀硬化(atherosclerosis)的斑塊、急性血栓(thrombus)。
檢查項目包括
  • 病史和理學檢查:會出現胸骨壓迫的疼痛,可能伴隨轉移痛(Referred pain),轉移到下頷、肩膀或是左臂,也會有噁心(nausea)、盜汗、呼吸困難。不過一些老人可能也會
  • 心臟酵素檢查:心肌酵素有肌酸激酶(Creatinine kinase-MB, CK-MB)、另一項是肌鈣蛋白(Troponin),肌鈣蛋白的升高速度較為迅速,且可以持續數天,不僅如此,隨著靈敏度越來越高,分辨度也越來越好。
  • 心電圖(Electrocardiography):心肌梗塞在心電圖的反應會隨著時間改變,一開始會出現T波變高,代表心肌缺氧1,再漸漸變成T波倒置,通常是對稱性的2,超過24小時之後,ST segment會上升,代表心肌損傷,其他狀況如心肌炎(Cardiomyositis)、高血鉀症(Hyperkalemia)、肺栓塞(Pulmonary embolism)、心包膜炎(Pericarditis)...等3,最後超過72小時之後,會產生病理性Q波(Pathologic Q wave),代表著不可逆的心肌細胞死亡。
    • 另外有所謂相對應變化(Reciprocal change),因為心肌梗塞的原因,造成電力走向明顯改變,例如Lead II形成ST elevation,V3的ST段就是相對應的ST depression。
    • 生理性Q波:可以在左外側導極4、下壁導極5可能可以看見小Q波,不過通常不大,所以病理性Q波通常需要到達0.04秒、至少要達到QRS複合波1/3的R波深度。
依照血管塞住的位置,可以分為右冠狀動脈、左冠狀動脈,左冠狀動脈又可以分為左前降支(Left descending artery)、左迴旋支(Left circumflex artery)。定位出心肌梗塞位置相當重要,可以了解預後(Prognosis)、如果是下壁梗塞,需要與後壁梗塞做區分,所以會施行右側心電圖(Right side ECG)。
導極 位置
V2, V3, V4或是R波進展不良(poor R wave progression) 前壁(Anterior wall)
I, aVL, V5, V6 左外側(Left, lateral wall)
II, III, aVF 下壁(Inferior wall)
aVR, VI 右心室(Right ventricle)
V1 R波比S波大、V1有ST segment下降、T波倒置 後壁(Posterior wall)
非Q波心肌梗塞(Non Q wave myocardial infarction)則代表只有一部份的心肌細胞內層壞死,稱之為心內膜下(Subendocardium)或是透壁(Transmural)。心電圖表現是T波倒置、ST segment下降。

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